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Stepping-Stones for the West, 1869
ON NOVEMBER 16, 1869, the sun rose over the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and shone on the blue
Europe Divided 1825 -1881
IN EUROPE and North America, nationalism generally led to the creation of larger states and the centralization of power. In
The Unification of Italy 1831-1870
ITALY HAD long been divided into small states. All their governments, except that of the Kingdom of Sardinia, were unpopular
Early Civilizations to Modern Age
Gods and Heroes 800 B.C. – 550 B.C.
From island to island and town to town, across the wide new world of the Greeks, the minstrel wandered, with
Kings, Tyrants and Democracy 1000 B. C. to 100 B. C.
During the Dark Ages, the large kingdoms of Homer’s Achaean heroes had disappeared. The Greek world was now dotted with
Athens: City of Wisdom and War 700 B. C. to 500 B. C.
Of all the city-states in Greece, Athens was the most fortunate. The city’s guardian was Athena, the goddess of war
Distant Past and New Challenges
Milestones of History
Arminius, Liberator of Germany (9 A.D.)
By 9 B.C. it seemed that Augustus’ ambition to extend Roman territory to the Elbe had almost been achieved, but
Jesus of Nazareth, Saviour God of a New Religion (30 A.D.)
Jesus of Nazareth, his life and death, for Romans alive about A.D. 30 was of no significance whatsoever. In the
Revolt and Destruction of Judea (30 – 70 A. D.)
Judea was destroyed and it’s people were scattered due to revolt in the East. Herod the Great died in the
