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Greece Fights for its Life 499 B. C.-479 B. C.
Across the Aegean, from the oriental court of King Darius of Persia, came messengers to all the city-states of mainland
Sparta: City of Soldiers B. C. 700 – 500
In Sparta, the shops in the market place had little gold or jewelry to sell and no fine furniture at
Athens: City of Wisdom and War 700 B. C. to 500 B. C.
Of all the city-states in Greece, Athens was the most fortunate. The city’s guardian was Athena, the goddess of war
Early Civilizations to Modern Age
The Church and the Empire A.D. 527-1261
CHRISTIANITY, as the official religion of Byzantium‚ was under the control of the government. The emperor was the head of
The Fall of Byzantium A. D. 992-1453
THE LONG struggle between the churches of the East and the West was only one of the many serious problems
Byzantium and Russia 400 B. C. – 1240 A. D.
THE BEGINNINGS of Russian history date back to the centuries when Byzantium was at the height of its glory. A
Distant Past and New Challenges
Milestones of History
The Roman Republic is Reborn with Imperial Splendour (73 – 31 B.C.)
The happy judgment of the historian Polybius on the strength of the Roman constitution, because of its mixture of popular,
The Emperor Augustus (B.C. 31)
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. initiated thirteen years of bloodshed, during which the people who had plotted
Octavian and the New Roman Empire (B.C. 31 – 9 A.D.)
Octavian delivers the state from that was plunged into depression. A few weeks after January 1 in the year 29 B.C. the
