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Stepping-Stones for the West, 1869
ON NOVEMBER 16, 1869, the sun rose over the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and shone on the blue
Europe Divided 1825 -1881
IN EUROPE and North America, nationalism generally led to the creation of larger states and the centralization of power. In
The Unification of Italy 1831-1870
ITALY HAD long been divided into small states. All their governments, except that of the Kingdom of Sardinia, were unpopular
Early Civilizations to Modern Age
The Church and the Empire A.D. 527-1261
CHRISTIANITY, as the official religion of Byzantium‚ was under the control of the government. The emperor was the head of
The Fall of Byzantium A. D. 992-1453
THE LONG struggle between the churches of the East and the West was only one of the many serious problems
Byzantium and Russia 400 B. C. – 1240 A. D.
THE BEGINNINGS of Russian history date back to the centuries when Byzantium was at the height of its glory. A
Distant Past and New Challenges
Milestones of History
Arian Heresy and the Council of Nicaea (312-432 A. D.))
The Arian threat occured in the fourth century, which opened with the triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire, closed
Mission to Ireland (432 A.D.)
In the spring of 432, Laoghaire, ruler of a petty kingdom in northern Ireland, gathered his court near Tara to
Visigoths and Gaiseric (432 – 451 A.D.)
The Visigoths, led by Gaiseric, settle in North Africa and challenge Rome. Ireland before St. Patrick According to the most
