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Stepping-Stones for the West, 1869
ON NOVEMBER 16, 1869, the sun rose over the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and shone on the blue
Europe Divided 1825 -1881
IN EUROPE and North America, nationalism generally led to the creation of larger states and the centralization of power. In
The Unification of Italy 1831-1870
ITALY HAD long been divided into small states. All their governments, except that of the Kingdom of Sardinia, were unpopular
Early Civilizations to Modern Age
Greece and the World 323 B. C. – 250 B. C.
In the last years of the fourth century B. C., Greek citizens going about their business in the stoas or
The City of Aeneas 1000 B. C. – 500 B. C.
The minstrels who wandered from country to country in the ancient world told a legend of Aeneas, a Trojan prince.
City of Romulus B. C. 900 – 256
In the time when savage warriors roamed the plains and mountains of Italy, there stood on six low hills, just
Distant Past and New Challenges
Milestones of History
Arian Heresy and the Council of Nicaea (312-432 A. D.))
The Arian threat occured in the fourth century, which opened with the triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire, closed
Mission to Ireland (432 A.D.)
In the spring of 432, Laoghaire, ruler of a petty kingdom in northern Ireland, gathered his court near Tara to
Visigoths and Gaiseric (432 – 451 A.D.)
The Visigoths, led by Gaiseric, settle in North Africa and challenge Rome. Ireland before St. Patrick According to the most





























































