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Stepping-Stones for the West, 1869
ON NOVEMBER 16, 1869, the sun rose over the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and shone on the blue
Europe Divided 1825 -1881
IN EUROPE and North America, nationalism generally led to the creation of larger states and the centralization of power. In
The Unification of Italy 1831-1870
ITALY HAD long been divided into small states. All their governments, except that of the Kingdom of Sardinia, were unpopular
Early Civilizations to Modern Age
The Gift of the Nile 3300 B.C. – 30 B.C.
It was around 3500 B.C. and as it did every year around the middle of July, the Nile had begun
The People of One God 3000 B. C. – 30 B. C.
On the plains of Mesopotamia, a young man stood gazing up at the stars that glittered from the dark sky
The Rise of the Assyrians 1600 B. C. – 539 B. C.
During the century after the Hittites had raided Babylon and rose to power in Turkey and Syria, Mesopotamia was a
Distant Past and New Challenges
Milestones of History
Victorious Athens (480 B.C.)
A victorious Athens was thanks to Themistocles, whose farsighted proposal that the Athenians should fight the Persians at sea rather
Classical Greece – A Golden Age and New Dynasty Dawn (480 – 323 BC)
Classical Greece was a period during which the finest products of Greek civilization were achieved, has been defined as beginning
Alexander the Great Dies (323 B.C.)
Alexander the Great succeeded to the throne upon the assassination of Philip of Macedonia, in northern Greece. This succession, both





























































