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Oligarchy and Athens in Defeat
Oligarchy — “rule by the few” was a form of government which Athens had not experienced since the 6th century,
Decelea, a Thorn in the Flesh
Decelea near the border of Attica and Boeotia was fortified by the Spartans (413). The first piece of good advice
Hecuba, Queen of Troy
In the year when the expedition sailed to Sicily (415) Euripides put on a play, the Trojan Women, in which
Early Civilizations to Modern Age
Democracy in Latin America 1811-1823
DURING THE years when Napoleon and Spain were at war, Spain’s American colonies began their long fight to win independence
Nationalism and the Germans 1848-1870
DESPITE THE development of democracy in some parts of the world, several of the most important nations established in the
The Unification of Italy 1831-1870
ITALY HAD long been divided into small states. All their governments, except that of the Kingdom of Sardinia, were unpopular
Distant Past and New Challenges
Milestones of History
Arminius, Liberator of Germany (9 A.D.)
By 9 B.C. it seemed that Augustus’ ambition to extend Roman territory to the Elbe had almost been achieved, but
Jesus of Nazareth, Saviour God of a New Religion (30 A.D.)
Jesus of Nazareth, his life and death, for Romans alive about A.D. 30 was of no significance whatsoever. In the
Revolt and Destruction of Judea (30 – 70 A. D.)
Judea was destroyed and it’s people were scattered due to revolt in the East. Herod the Great died in the


























































